Materiality in Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Materiality in Auditing - Essay Example Materiality levels of organization are often undisclosed to avoid fraud that may be conducted by the parties involved in preparing financial statements. Analysis of the fundamentalism and the secrecy of materiality are essential in understanding how this concept is applicable in the auditing profession. Materiality is a concept that describes discrepancies in the financial statements that may mislead the decision making process of users of those records (Stuart, 2012). The discrepancies may be included or omitted in the financial statements intentionally or as a result of errors in recording. If users of accounting records would not change their decision after the correction of the discrepancies, the misstatement are said to be immaterial. However, if users of financial statements would change their decisions after the corrections, then the discrepancies are said to be material (Messier, Martinov-Bennie, & Eilifsen, 2005, p. 5). Materiality in the financial statements may be individual or collective. Individual materiality is the one that occurs when a record in an account is recorded wrongly. Collective materiality, on the other hand, is the one that arises when the total discrepancies in two or more accounts of a similar classification mislead decision makers (FRC, 2013). Auditors have to determine the level of discrepancies that they will find to be immaterial and those that are material at the planning stage. The materiality level is usually stated in quantitative figures such as percentages. For example, the auditors may state that a misstatement of the income before tax by 5% and below is immaterial while the error is material of it exceeds this allowance (Lessambo, 2013). Examiners use professional judgement to determine the materiality allowances because there is no formula of calculating the amount. Auditors make their judgements based on their understanding of the factors that influence the decisions of users of financial reports (IAASB, 2009).

The back to basics marketing approach of marks and spencer

The back to basics marketing approach of marks and spencer Title of the Project The scope of the project is to emphasize on the Marks and Spencers back to basic approach of marketing to capture the down-size in the market. Introduction Marketing is one of the core functions of any organization and an organizations most sincere efforts to attract the market can be inefficient if it lacks a basic marketing model to analyze the market segments, equip with the most appropriate product mix, and assess the competitors activities to ensure proper growth. The scope of the proposal is to analyze basic approach of marketing in UK by Marks and Spencer and also relate its importance in todays organizational success when its first marketing department was formed in 1998. The emphasis is on Marks and Spencer formal marketing planning, comprehensive situation analysis and adoption of pro-active approach to the future. Background of the Organization Marks and Spencer was formed in the year 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer today is one of the leading retailers in UK known for its high quality, fashionable and value clothing. It also has its presence in luxury food products, footwear, gifts and home furnishings. Marks and Spencer was a success story till 1998 after which a sudden fall in sales and growth of the organization led to sharp decline with shut-down of stores and numerous cost cutting measures. The revival plan was basically focused on the basics of marketing (focus on core business and brands, better product range, improve sourcing and supply chain etc) ignored in the continuous success story. Marks and Spencer today is again one the leading retailers in UK with an international presence, employing more than 75,000 people , having over 600 stores in UK alone and growing at a tremendous stage all over the world. Over the years, Marks and Spencer has not only evolved on international platform and gained recognition but also started its online business and introduced several campaigns in Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility (Look behind the Label, Plan A and many other charity works). It has been in several controversies also but with the improved marketing plans is scaling new heights in the industry again. Purpose of the Research The purpose of the research is to analyze that marketing is the most essential of all the activities of the organizations as it is regarded as the direct means to reach the customers. The research will be conducted with respect to Marks and Spencer to: Understand the marketing basics closely in the organization. Analyze the focus of the overall marketing towards the customer solutions to capture market. Understand the positioning of the product in the market in terms of quality and value. Analyze the changing market requirements and promotion techniques adopted Understand the positioning of the competitors and monitor competitor behavior towards the changing market. Study the market segments and analyze the distribution channel. Identify the specific reasons for decline and framework adopted for growth that lifted Marks and Spencer back to the market. Rationale of the Research The lack of understanding of the marketing needs led to the downfall of Marks and Spencers. As per the basics Product, Price, Distribution and Promotion are the key components of any organizations marketing technique and Porters Five Forces model also has been identified to assess and analyze the position of the organization. Marks and Spencer was considered the largest retail market holder in UK perceived as having excellent quality and value of the products but its attempt to move into more fashion oriented clothing was not very successful with strong competitors like GAP, OASIS and NEXT. This study on the Back to Basic Approach on Marks and Spencer will help us understand how the utilization of the resources from marketing perspective helped it gain competitive advantage and brought itself back to the market. Research Questions The basic questions that will cater to the research are What are the basic marketing concepts and how organizations need to emphasize on the effective implementation of the plan. How marketing involves everything you do regain and retain growing base of customers. How to assess the basic marketing questions with context to competitive position. Research Objectives The research objectives are: Critically review the basics of marketing and relate its importance in todays organizational success. Conduct a qualitative and quantitative research to monitor the competitors market and positioning. Critical review of the decision making capabilities in the operational areas of marketing. Literature Review: A complete review will be undertaken to gather the published and unpublished data and provide a detailed understanding of the basic of marketing and its impact on the organizations success. The base of the review will be to analyze the overall market, product and is achieved through substantial research of the market and accurate data retrieved. Marks and Spencer went through a major downfall, the sudden sales dip cautioned the organization as well as the shareholders of the warning signals ahead. The customers dis-appointment, increasing cost, changing economic conditions and slipping market shares all stood as major concern for the management. The table below reviews the decline, Year ended Turnover (Â £m) Profit before tax (Â £m) Net profit (Â £m) Basic eps (p) 1-Apr-00 8,195.50 417.5 258.7 9 31-Mar-99 8,224.00 546.1 372.1 13 31-Mar-98 8,243.30 1,155.00 815.9 28.6 31-Mar-97 7,841.90 1,102.10 746.6 26.7 31-Mar-96 7,233.70 965.8 652.6 23.3 Source: www.abeuk.com The management started reviewing the basics of the business and it all outlined to the role of marketing in the growth of the business. As per the literature, the concepts of marketing mix, 4Ps (Product, Price, Promotion and Place) will be thoroughly reviewed in Marks and Spencers context and the emphasis will be to logically explain the evolvement of the marketing mix. As per Marks and Spencer analysis, the details will also cover the service marketing mix of additional 3Ps (People, Process and Physical Evidence). Also, the review will emphasize on the Porters Five Forces Model to analyze the basics of the industry and marketing development. It also covers the SWOT analysis for Marks and Spencer and gives an overall view of the fundamental issues faced and the plan adopted to overcome the shortfalls. A careful SWOT analysis is very important for an organization to tread towards success and be a leader in the market. The strengths are covered in the exiting organization chain and opportunities lie in addition of new line of products and catering to new market segments. The threats and weaknesses comprise of competitors strategies, innovations in market, new entrants, suppliers. Source: http://www.businessballs.com/ Research Methodology: The research methodology adopted here aims at examining and proving the existing basic marketing theories of the 4Ps (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) and Porters Five Forces Model. It helps in proving again the logical reasoning behind the development of the theories- 3Ps (People, Process and Physical Evidence) and their relevance in the marketing context. The method adopted is clearly to emphasize not only on the importance of marketing plan in business but also on the effective implementation for growth. Data Collection and Data Analysis: The first step will be to collect data through primary and secondary data collection. Primary and secondary data collection would bring thorough understanding of the subject matter and it will be done through online research, printed material (journals, case studies, and news releases) and other researchers /practioners in the subject area. The data collection process also involves from questionnaires, personal interviews, etc to analyze the research questions. The analysis of the data will be both qualitative and quantitative, emphasis being on the accuracy of the sources of data collection and also considering the phases of data collection. The analyzed data will reflect the shortfalls in the implementation of the marketing plan and will also highlight the changes required in Marks and Spencer business. Action Plan: The basic marketing approach that turned the fortune of Marks and Spencers that brought significant changes in the organizations strategy and structure to make the proposed goal a success. The strengths are covered in the exiting organization chain and opportunities lie in addition of new line of products and catering to new market segments. The basic focus was to regain the customer confidence, understand the growing markets, expand product line, and grow distribution lines, value realization, and appropriate cost-cutting measures for the existing products. Marks and Spencer realized that their franchise business operates at a much profitable level than company operated stores, be more specific in area usage of the existing stores and reduce the additional cost incurred in acquisition of raw material from existing suppliers.

Descriptive Essay: A Beautiful Place :: Descriptive Essay Example

I think we all have a beautiful place in our mind. I have a wonderful place that made me happy a lot of times, years ago. But sometimes I think that I am the only person who likes this place and I'm asking myself if this place will be as beautiful as I thought when I will go back to visit it again. Perhaps I made it beautiful in my mind. This place is meaningful to me because it is part of the county I loved, is part of the county where I grew up and is part of my childhood. This place is in the country in an old region named Appalachia, a small piece of the Appalachian Mountains, in a town named Pikeville. Pikeville is a polluted town because of the coal industry. People live in apartment or condominium buildings because of its little space available. I grew up in one of the many buildings in Pikeville admiring from my bedroom window the beauty of the mountains, always exploring with my eyes the forest or the meadows, looking for a clean and quiet place. And, I found one on a hill in the back of the town. It is about 100 feet square, it has seven old trees, wild flowers and a lot of bugs and ants during summer time. I used to go there to sit down on a rock and watch the town and my trees. There was a very old tree, a maple tree, with a huge trunk. The others were smaller, three in the back, three on my left side and the old maple tree on my right. There were flowers, many kinds, white, yellow, purple and blue. It was nobody's place. Nobody owned that hill, but it was beautiful and peaceful and I dreamed many times about a white house over there. I think that, these kinds of places are meaningful to people because they are natural and people can be there alone, away from their everyday life. I used to go there to be alone or to dream with my eyes open admiring the blue sky or the clouds. I liked to go there to lay down on the grass, listen to the wind, kiss the flowers and watch the leaves moving. It was hard to go up the hill to get there, but I wanted to see everyday my seven trees, to see how the color of the leaves changed and to feel the softness of the grass. Descriptive Essay: A Beautiful Place :: Descriptive Essay Example I think we all have a beautiful place in our mind. I have a wonderful place that made me happy a lot of times, years ago. But sometimes I think that I am the only person who likes this place and I'm asking myself if this place will be as beautiful as I thought when I will go back to visit it again. Perhaps I made it beautiful in my mind. This place is meaningful to me because it is part of the county I loved, is part of the county where I grew up and is part of my childhood. This place is in the country in an old region named Appalachia, a small piece of the Appalachian Mountains, in a town named Pikeville. Pikeville is a polluted town because of the coal industry. People live in apartment or condominium buildings because of its little space available. I grew up in one of the many buildings in Pikeville admiring from my bedroom window the beauty of the mountains, always exploring with my eyes the forest or the meadows, looking for a clean and quiet place. And, I found one on a hill in the back of the town. It is about 100 feet square, it has seven old trees, wild flowers and a lot of bugs and ants during summer time. I used to go there to sit down on a rock and watch the town and my trees. There was a very old tree, a maple tree, with a huge trunk. The others were smaller, three in the back, three on my left side and the old maple tree on my right. There were flowers, many kinds, white, yellow, purple and blue. It was nobody's place. Nobody owned that hill, but it was beautiful and peaceful and I dreamed many times about a white house over there. I think that, these kinds of places are meaningful to people because they are natural and people can be there alone, away from their everyday life. I used to go there to be alone or to dream with my eyes open admiring the blue sky or the clouds. I liked to go there to lay down on the grass, listen to the wind, kiss the flowers and watch the leaves moving. It was hard to go up the hill to get there, but I wanted to see everyday my seven trees, to see how the color of the leaves changed and to feel the softness of the grass.

A small family Essay

There is an increasing trend around the world to have a small family rather than a large family. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of having a small family rather than a large family? Over the past decades birth rates have steadily declined. Consequently, the says of nuclear families have diminish all over the world. This easy I will discuss the advantages and shortcomings of smaller family sizes. As small family can benefit children and parents and make it easier to find sufficient resources for a family. Children can enjoy their parents full attention instead of sharing it with multiple siblings. Additionally, I an family with less children sibling rivalry is less likely to be a problem among children. Parents can spend more time with the individual child and the child‘s favourite activities. Caring for a large family can be stressful mad exhausting. Parents of a small family should therefore be more relaxed and patient. Lastly, fewer children mean the family budget is more likely to leave room for some extras, like holidays or separate bedrooms for each child. On the other hand, there are also some downsides for all family members of a small family. Children can end become spoilt and less responsible than their peer growing in large families. Being an only child is often associated with egoism and less developed social skills. Parents will focus all their expectations on fewer children. This will heighten pressure to succeed on the individual child. Moreover, it might be simpler for parents to raise multiple children as siblings learn from each other and play together. In a large family every member can contribute is domestic duties are shared. Also, some common family activities, such as outdoor games, are probably more fun with a larger family. All in all, there are positive and negative aspects of having a smaller family. As family sizes are decreasing most people to believe the advantages outweigh the disadvantages significantly.

Exam Topics Home Ownership, Neighborhood Essay

Home ownership Home ownership is one of the definitions of success in America. Generally people are judged by the houses they live in. It is not only the size and architecture of the house but also the type of neighborhood and the distance from different amenities. The progress in buying a house of one’s own was steady from the 1930s right up to 2000. By 2000 69,8 million Americans lived in their own homes. But then the steady growth stopped and started falling back. By the end of the eighties the home-ownership rate had declined to 63,4 percent. Why did this happen? The basic reason for the turnaround is simply that home ownership, which was never cheap, has gotten more and more expensive. The reasons are follows. Ownership costs are increasing more than income. Cash down payments are out of any proportion as compared to what they were twenty years ago. Monthly principal (mortgage) and interes payments for a medium house are soared. Prices for homes are so inflated, particularly in good and safe neighborhoods, that tthey are beyond most people’s budget. Life-style changes are also influencing the home-ownership rate. There are more singles and childless couples who are unwilling to commit themselves to a mortgage. Steady home prices and a strong market formerly contributed to mobility, but owners can now find themselves immobilized by deflated but still expensive housing that can take a year or more to sell. Home ownership is becoming a thing of the past. Some experts predict that builders will eventually move toward smaller, more moderately priced housing demanded by many people. Owning is still far less risky than renting, since costs can be fixed with a long-term mortgage. Besides, the underlying desire to â€Å"be your own boss† is deeply ingrained in the American consciousness. Neighborhood Neighborhoods are an important element of the setting for a house. They may be steady or not, friendly or not, clean or not, safe or not. The list of qualifying adjectives can be endless. And still you must live with it if you have a house in this neighborhood. The ethnic origin and economic status of the people who live in the neighborhood often define it. Few neighborhoods today are static. They are constantly changing: people of different ethnic groups and economic status are beginning to live together in the same  neighborhoods. Many young professionals (doctors, lawyers, academics, etc.) move into traditionally poor neighborhoods because they can find larger and less expensive housing there. These young professionals often have money and power and they cause changes in the character of the neighborhood. This process is called â€Å"gentrification†. It then becomes too expensive for the poor residents and they move on. This is a way a poor, unfashionable inner city neighborhood may change into a very expensive area in the course of several years. The atmosphere of neighborhoods is also changing. Formerly one could always borrow a couple of eggs or a ladder from the friend next door. But their family has moved, and the people in there now are strangers. Some of the old sentimentality of neighborhoodliness has receded. There is no reason to have friendly ties with the people who live next door to you just because they happened to wander into a real estate office that listed the place next door to yours. The only thing neighbors have in common to begin with is proximity, and unless something more develops, that isn’t reason enough to be best friends. It sometimes happens naturally, but the chances are very small that you neighbors will be your choice as friends. The best relationship with neighbors is one of friendly distance. You say hello, you make small-talk if you see them in the yard, you help each other in emergency. It is easier to produce nostalgia about a neighborhood than about a community, but a community is probably a better unit. A neighborhood is just a bunch of individuals who live in proximity, but a community is a group of people who rise above their individual limitations to get some things done for the public. The American Civil War The American Civil War, also known as the War between the States or simply the Civil War, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 between the United States (the â€Å"Union† or the â€Å"North†) and several Southern slave states that had declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the â€Å"Confederacy† or the â€Å"South†). The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, and, after four years of bloody combat (mostly in the South), the Confederacy was defeated, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring unity and guaranteeing rights to the freed slaves began. In the presidential election of 1860, Republicans  led by Abraham Lincoln opposed expanding slavery into the territories. Lincoln won but before his inauguration on March 4, 1861, seven cotton-based slave states formed the Confederacy. Outgoing Democrat James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected the legality of secess ion. Lincoln’s inaugural address insisted his administration would not initiate civil war, leading eight remaining slave states to reject immediate calls for secession. A Peace Conference failed to find a compromise. Both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that Europe was so dependent on â€Å"King Cotton† for its industry that they would intervene; none did and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, a key fort held by Union troops in South Carolina. Lincoln called for the creation of an army to retake it; meanwhile, four border slave states joined the Confederacy, bringing their total to eleven. The Union soon controlled the Border States and established a naval blockade that crippled the southern economy. The Eastern Theater was inconclusive in 1861–62. The fall 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland ended at the Battle of Antietam, dissuading British intervention. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, and the Union at Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lee’s Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg. Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant command of all Union armies in 1864. In the Western Theater William T. Sherman drove east to capture Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way. The Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, and could afford to fight battles of attrition through the Overland Campaign towards Richmond. The defending Confederate army failed leading to Lee’s surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The mobilization of civilian factories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 750,000 soldiers  and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Historian John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40. Reconstruction. Ku-Klux-Klan Reconstruction of the Union held many promises. Black men and women in the South could move to their new home in Florida. Black refugees quickly poured into these lands. By 1865 40 thousand freedmen were living in their new home. But the opposition to the Reconstruction in the South steadily grew. In 1869 the Ku-Klux-Klan added organized violence to the whites resistance. Despite federal efforts to protect them, black people were intimidated at the polls, robbed of their earnings, beaten or murdered. By the early 1870s the failure of the Reconstruction was apparent. The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 called for new governments in the South; it barred from political office those Confederate leaders who were listed in the Fourteenth Amendment. But the law required no redistribution of land and guaranteed no basic changes in southern social standards. Terrorism against blacks was widening. Nighttime visits, whippings, beatings, and murder became common. In time, however, the Klan’s purpose became not only economic (to keep the slaves) but also openly political and social. Klansmen also attacked white Republicans and school teachers who were aiding the freemen. Then in 1871 the actions of KKK moved Congress to pass two acts directed against the KKK’s violence. These acts permitted the use of martial law, but they were unsuccessful in combatting the Klan’s activities. The Klan’s terror frightened many voters and weakened local party organization, but it did not stop Reconstruction. Throughout the South conventions met and drafted new constitutions. New governments were set up, and Republicans won majorities nearly everywhere. After 1877 thousands of blacks gathered up their possessions and migrated to Kansas. They were disappointed people who were searching for their share in the American Dream.

Qualitative Research Observation, Case Studies and Interviews

Qualitative Research Observation, Case Studies and Interviews Over the decades, there have been growing interests in subjective meaning and common sense understanding of social problems. This interest is a response to the manner in which sociological research was previously conducted. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qualitative Research: Observation, Case Studies and Interviews specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the past, interviewing and lab experiments were important and although they are still important, they are no longer relevant or dominant. This method of scientific exploration raises questions and answers to the questions will be descriptive and holistic, the new method of data collection is qualitative. Although there were books on qualitative research before its usage, they only emphasized on one technique of data collection that is, participant collection. Therefore, those books could not adequately guide someone with adequate background to conduct qualitative res earch. Discussion of qualitative approach is based on phenomenological perspective meaning it collects data from the respondents view. The method introduces scholars to qualitative research as well as to techniques of conducting qualitative research. Furthermore, it describes the data collection sources to researcher and how to present data that might have been collected. Qualitative research is moreover referred to as naturalistic enquiry. The method pertains itself to the forces that are more human in nature rather than to those that are physical. This means that the type of data collected are more of individual feelings, group or individual ideas, and motives. Qualitative research is a post-positivistic perspective, holding that it is not enough to study facts without considering those who experienced those facts. Techniques employed include direct observation, case studies and key informant interviews. The techniques give descriptive data with deep insights about the people. N arrative investigation Narrative study developed as a subject within the wider field of qualitative study. It is advancement to perceptive/exploring the way groups make connotation of their lives as narratives, associated themes are story scrutiny, narratology and life inscription. Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Narrative investigation ought to be separated from storytelling in that the remark narrative entails addressees and a storyteller. Of importance to narrative investigators is not what occurred so much as what denotation did groups developed pertaining to what occurred. Narrative inquisition is a reasonably topical faction in social science qualitative study. It has been utilized as an instrument for study in the spectrum of cognitive science, governmental exploration, acquaintance premise, sociology and teaching investigation, and many more. Confirmation Conf irmation is an extent of impartiality or the level to which the respondents influence the results of an investigation and not investigator preconceived notion, inspiration, or concern. Qualitative study seems to believe that every canvasser conveys a distinctive viewpoint to the study. Confirmation talks about the level to which the outcomes could be verified or substantiated by other researchers in the field. There are several approaches of enabling conformability. The canvasser can record the methods of examining and re examining the information all through the study. Other examiners could undertake a fiend promoter position with reverence to the outcomes, and this procedure can be accepted. The canvasser can vigorously hunt for and illustrate pessimistic illustrations that challenge previous interpretations. Furthermore, an individual can perform a data review that observes the data compilation and examination methods and makes conclusions concerning the possible bias or defor mation. Bias A little bias in study occurs mainly from investigational fault and not taking seriously all of the likely variables. Other study prejudice emerges when investigators chooses topics that are more prone to producing the preferred outcomes, a turnaround of the standard procedures overriding science. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qualitative Research: Observation, Case Studies and Interviews specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Investigation prejudice is the one aspect that makes qualitative study much more reliant on familiarity and opinion than quantitative exploration. For instance, when utilizing social study focus, it is far simple to turn out to be close to a particular perspective, endangering objectivity. The major point to keep in mind pertaining to investigative bias is that, in numerous areas of study, it is inescapable. Some investigational plan procedure entails understanding the intrinsic pr ejudices and reducing the outcomes. In quantitative study, the investigator attempts to get rid of bias totally, while, in qualitative study, it is all about appreciating that it will occur.

6 successful ways to start your workday

6 successful ways to start your workday Do you have a hard time hitting the desk running, so to speak, on any given work day? Try following some of these strategies to jumpstart your work mornings and make yourself more productive and engaged from the get-go. 1. Establish a pre-work routine at home.First, you have to lay a solid foundation, which means a good night’s sleep. Then, when you hopefully wake up well rested, throw in a nice stretch or short bit of exercise. Get your blood moving- whether you have five minutes to spare for some yoga or can squeeze in 30 minutes of a solid workout. You’ll feel more awake, more grounded, and more capable. Then eat something with a bit of protein that will fuel your morning. Finally, if you’re a caffeine person, have your coffee or tea.2. Dress to feel and perform your best.You don’t have to go formal to â€Å"dress the part.† If you work from home, at least change out of your pajamas to differentiate your lounging self from your working self. If y ou don’t, aim for work clothes that make you feel comfortable and empowered.3. Start on time.Whether your commute is the five steps it takes you to get from the kitchen table to the couch or 45 minutes of driving, busing, or biking, arrive at your desk on time. To perform your best, consider â€Å"on time† to be five minutes early–that gives you time to collect your thoughts and set yourself up for the day ahead.4. Take a moment to just think.A moment of peace can be a moment well-spent- every morning pause to have a nice, mindful think about how things are going, what you’ve been accomplishing, and what you’d like to get done that day. Reacquaint yourself with your to-do list. Pause for a second and engage. Your work day will be much more bearable this way because you  will be in charge of managing the day (and not the other way around). Map out your day, allowing for small adjustments here and there.5. Get comfortable.Figure out the most ideal work set-up for your productivity. Maybe that’s a standing desk, or an exercise ball, or a lumbar support, or a footrest under your desk. Make sure everything in your workspace is de-cluttered and positioned to make yourself physically capable of sitting there and doing what you need to do.6. Eliminate distractions.Devise a system that will make you less vulnerable to interruptions. When you sit down for the day, turn off notifications, put your phone in a bag or a drawer, and focus- at least for long stretches of time. If it helps, set a timer to help you keep break time, mindless task time, and productive project time separate. And do yourself a favor: don’t check your email all the time. Set yourself designated times instead.The main takeaway from these tips is to remain mindful and put systems in place. If you establish a morning routine and stick with it for at least 2 weeks, these good habits will soon become the norm!

Octane Number Definition and Example

Octane Number Definition and Example The octane number is a value used to indicate the resistance of a motor fuel to knock. Octane number is also known as octane rating. Octane numbers are based on a scale on which isooctane is 100 (minimal knock) and heptane is 0 (bad knock). The higher the octane number, the more compression required for fuel ignition. Fuels with high octane numbers are used in high performance gasoline engines. Fuels with low octane number (or high cetane numbers) are used in diesel engines, where fuel is not compressed. Octane Number Example A gasoline with an octane number of 92 has the same knock as a mixture of 92% isooctane and 8% heptane. Why the Octane Number Matters In a spark-ignition engine, using a fuel with too low an octane rating can lead to pre-ignition and engine knock, which can cause engine damage. Basically, compressing the air-fuel mixture may cause fuel to detonate before the flame front from the spark plug reaches it. The detonation produces higher pressure than the engine may be able to withstand.

Supreme court ( political science) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supreme court ( political science) - Essay Example The founders, knowing that a sovereign judiciary system was vital to the success of a democratic nation, ensured that federal judges would be appointed for life terms. They can be removed from the bench only if impeached and convicted by Congress of ‘Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.’ The current configuration of eight justices and one chief justice was formed in 1869. Congress assigned drafting rules of federal procedure to the Supreme Court in 1934. Republican Presidents appointed seven of the nine current Supreme Court judges (Gill, 2005). The Supreme Court begins each term on the first Monday of October which lasts until late June. The Term is divided between alternating periods of sittings and recesses which alternate at approximately two-week intervals. Sittings are when the Justices hear cases and deliver opinions and during the intervening recesses, they consider matters brought before the Court and write legal opinions. During court proceedings, each side is allowed 30 minutes argument and as many as 24 cases may be heard during one sitting. There is no jury and no witnesses are presented because most of the cases entail the assessment of a lower court decision. The Court is provided the record of each case and papers which include the arguments of each party. During the recess phase, the Justices study the cases and write their opinions. The Justices must also assess more than 130 petitions every week to ascertain which cases are to be granted a court hearing. Public sessions are held from 10 a.m. until 3 p.m. Monday through Wednesday when the Court is in session (sitting). The Justices meet to discuss and vote on petitions for review and to discuss cases on Fridays during preceding argument weeks. Prior to hearing oral argument when the Court is in session, other business of the Court is performed. This includes, on Monday mornings, the

European Corn Borer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

European Corn Borer - Assignment Example BT456 and Golden Crop experienced similar drops with the low and high infestations (BT456- 5%/16% & Golden Crop-7%/26% approximately). Meanwhile, BT123 appeared to be the most resistant crop to either infestation of the European corn borer. It exhibited a yield of more than 1% greater during the low infestation and dropped a mere 2% in the high infestation phase. A farmer would gain by planting BT corn even if there was no particular threat of the European corn borer to the crop. The average yield of the Super H (Non-BT) crop was 163.4, barely out-producing BT123 which had an average yield of 163. Therefore, if a farmer chose either BT456 or Golden Crop he would out-produce the Super H (Non-BT) crop on average yields, with 186 and 184.7 respectively. If the Bacillus Thuringiensis bacterium in the corn affected non-target beneficial insects it would act as a disadvantage to the livelihood of the crop removing insects that have positive effects on the crop's yield. Alternatively, it would prove advantageous if the bacterium could also remove harmful insects in addition to the European corn borer for which it was designed, thereby increasing the livelihood of the crop and the yield. ... Regardless, it has been determined that the protein in BT-corn is very selective and only acts as an insecticide for those insects unsafe to the corn crop, having no effects on the environment, people, animals, or beneficial insects (Bessin, 2004). 4.) What might happen if ECB became resistant to BT If the European corn borer were to become resistant to the bacterium-generated corn it would result in more damage for the farmer's crop yield. If the ECB become resistant, then they will produce larvae that are, in turn, defiant against the BT corn. According to Ric Bessin the Extension Entomologist at the University Of Kentucky College of Agriculture, the best way for farmers to prevent ECB resistance is providing higher doses of the bacterium necessary to kill the ECB and limiting the amounts of BT corn they produce, allowing some non-BT corn remaining as a refuge to the corn borers (2004). 5.) Discuss possible benefits and drawbacks of a transgenic organism such as BT Corn Some benefits posed upon using BT corn include pricing, whether the pressure exuded by the corn borers on the crop is great enough to pay extra for the bacterium-generated corn. In addition, since the bacterium is within the organism there is no need for the equipment and application necessary for regular insecticides; also, the selectivity of the protein rids the crop of other potential dangerous insects while ineffectual to neutral and favorable organisms. Some drawbacks of using the BT corn include cost, which can be an advantage and disadvantage; the possibility of cross-pollination among BT corn and non-BT corn due to the fact that it depends on the wind to pollinate; and the management plan that must be incorporated in

IKEA UK Marketing Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IKEA UK Marketing Analysis - Essay Example As the paper stresses the UK furniture and furnishing industry is substantial, thus makes a significant contribution to the UK economy, including the GDP and employment of UK citizens. There are approximately 8,116 companies in the UK furniture and furnishing industry, including retailers, wholesalers, repair, leasing and specialist designers. The furniture and furnishing industry in the UK is segmented into three major sub-sectors based on the different products and markets therein as well as the characteristics of the buyers, including domestic, office and contract sectors. Companies in the UK furniture and furnishing industry often serve more than one market. As the report declares the UK furniture and furnishing industry comprises many micro and small to medium businesses that specialize in furniture, furnishings, retail, repair and design. However, the industry is not well recognized at the political level and does not receive the government support it deserves despite its contribution to the UK economy. Nevertheless, this industry has experienced growth in imports while exports registered a slight fall in the year 2013. China, Germany and Italy are key players and drivers of the import growth while the Republic of Ireland, Germany and France are the main destinations for exports from this industry in the UK. IKEA, UK uses demographic bases including age, sex, family, job type, socioeconomic status and life cycle to segment its markets.

Bauhaus and Modernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Bauhaus and Modernism - Essay Example In the humming windowless hallway leading to his office, he stops in front of a metal box full of chilled metal cylinders. He inserts several polished silver disks into a slot and pushes one of the glowing square buttons to receive a modern marvel of preserved mass-produced liquid. Entering his office, he settles back into a tubular metal chair and grabs one of the antiquated but comforting newspapers waiting on a nearby projection of the wall that serves him as a desk. As he sips his drink and scans the headlines, an article draws his eye because it is contained within a slightly shaded box and uses bold, sans-serif letters. The words inform him that inflation is causing the economy to collapse. Anxious to protect the small space he calls his own, the man then turns to the electronic box sitting on his desk as a faster and more focused means of gaining essential information. As he waits for the flickering lights to settle on his rectangular screen, he suddenly thinks about how much of his world is shaped by boxes. He realizes that they make him feel mundane and standardized and inwardly blames the Modernist movement that was born out of the Bauhaus. If he took the time to follow that line of thinking, though, the man would learn that the Bauhaus and the Modernist movement were focused instead on ideas of comfort and creative familiarity. The earliest elements of what today’s experts refer to as characteristics of the modern period arose through the combined energies of the Arts and Crafts Movement.

CONCORD BOOKSHOP PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CONCORD BOOKSHOP PAPER - Essay Example pelling change in the organization, followed by a focus on the behavioral aspect of organizational change and finally analyzing the dynamics of motivating employees to alter their behaviors (Spector, 2010). The three phases in the organizational change process are organizational diagnosis through strategic renewal, redesigning the organization, and altering employees’ behavioral aspects. These phases bring about new competencies, skills, and behavior patterns. Organizational diagnosis is critical because it encourages broad based participation, which helps to overcome resistance and defensiveness to the change. During this phase, a mutual agreement is encouraged among the workers regarding the need for change. An organization can enhance strategic renewal by carrying out organizational diagnosis to come up with a road map for identifying its status and desired future. Organizational diagnosis offers future prospects of the effectiveness of an organization (Spector, 2010). The second step in implementing change redesigning the organization by identifying its purpose. If organizational diagnosis creates dissatisfaction with the status quo, the employees should take part in redesigning behavioral patterns to support strategic renewal as well as outstanding performance. It also entails changing the design of the organization in response to the changing dynamics in the organization environment. The third step entails altering the behavioral aspects. Spector defines behavioral change as the alteration of employee behavior to enable the organization to meet its strategy demands while simultaneously attaining and sustaining exceptional performance. Effective strategic renewal thus necessitates behavioral change and this directly targets employees’ actions as well as interactions patterns to meet the company strategy and to achieve and sustain good performance. An organization can enhance behavioral change by adoption of an organizational culture and c hange that is in

A Critical Assessment of the Requirement of Utmost Good Faith in Essay

A Critical Assessment of the Requirement of Utmost Good Faith in Marine Insurance Contracts - Essay Example However, in a world with modern technological methods of obtaining and sharing information, the duty of utmost good faith, particularly the duty to disclose all material information appears to be a bit harsh.5 More troubling perhaps is the fact that a failure to disclose material facts, regardless of the absence of fraud or specific intent renders the contract voidable ab initio. As such the result can be entirely disproportionate and unduly harsh. However, it is accepted that the insurers not only underwrite risks but assess them based on the facts known to them at the time of underwriting the risk. It therefore follows that information solely in the possession of the insured is crucial for this purpose.6 This research study provides a critical assessment of the duty of utmost good faith in marine insurance contracts with a view to determining the rationale for the duty and whether or not the duty can and should be reformed. The main issue is whether or not reforms can equitably add ress the harsh consequences and to ensure that the duty to disclose corresponds with the realities of the relationship between the insured and the insurer and the current state of modern technology. This paper is therefore divided into three parts. The first part of the paper examines the origins of the duty of utmost good faith in the common law. The second part of the paper examines the developments of the duty of utmost good faith and the final part of the paper analyses possible reforms that can effectively create more balance between the insured and the insurer having regard to the purpose of the doctrine of utmost good faith and modern technological advances. I. Origins of the Duty of Utmost Good... This essay stresses that insurance contracts in general represent a special class of contracts since they are bound by the uberrimae fedei doctrine. As a result all contracting parties have a duty to ensure that they do not misrepresent crucial facts and are likewise under a persistent duty to disclose all facts that might induce insurers to assume the risk. Understandably, the duty of utmost good faith was necessary during the 18th century. However, in a world with modern technological methods of obtaining and sharing information, the duty of utmost good faith, particularly the duty to disclose all material information appears to be a bit harsh. This paper makes a conclusion that the duty of utmost good faith or uberrimae fidei sets an unrealistic high standard on the insured and functions to liberate the insurer to such an extent that insurance claims can be avoided for the slightest misstep on the part of the insured. The duty of utmost good faith, although 200 years old, has evolved about as far as the courts can take it. It is obvious that over the last 10 years of so, the courts have taken as much latitude as the separation of powers will allow to modify the existing doctrine so as to minimize the harsh results. However, the courts are bound by the implementation of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 which is perhaps the most likely reason for the perpetuation of the unjust functioning of the duty of utmost good faith.

CONCORD BOOKSHOP PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CONCORD BOOKSHOP PAPER - Essay Example pelling change in the organization, followed by a focus on the behavioral aspect of organizational change and finally analyzing the dynamics of motivating employees to alter their behaviors (Spector, 2010). The three phases in the organizational change process are organizational diagnosis through strategic renewal, redesigning the organization, and altering employees’ behavioral aspects. These phases bring about new competencies, skills, and behavior patterns. Organizational diagnosis is critical because it encourages broad based participation, which helps to overcome resistance and defensiveness to the change. During this phase, a mutual agreement is encouraged among the workers regarding the need for change. An organization can enhance strategic renewal by carrying out organizational diagnosis to come up with a road map for identifying its status and desired future. Organizational diagnosis offers future prospects of the effectiveness of an organization (Spector, 2010). The second step in implementing change redesigning the organization by identifying its purpose. If organizational diagnosis creates dissatisfaction with the status quo, the employees should take part in redesigning behavioral patterns to support strategic renewal as well as outstanding performance. It also entails changing the design of the organization in response to the changing dynamics in the organization environment. The third step entails altering the behavioral aspects. Spector defines behavioral change as the alteration of employee behavior to enable the organization to meet its strategy demands while simultaneously attaining and sustaining exceptional performance. Effective strategic renewal thus necessitates behavioral change and this directly targets employees’ actions as well as interactions patterns to meet the company strategy and to achieve and sustain good performance. An organization can enhance behavioral change by adoption of an organizational culture and c hange that is in

Nike strategic fit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nike strategic fit - Essay Example Nike aspires to serve the human potential through sports - as the company states, "We feel lucky to have a genuine, altruistic reason to be: the service of human potential. That's the great benefit of sports, and we're glad to be in the middle of it."2 Kotler (1974) states that, 'an individual's beliefs or conceptions about what is desirable, good or bad - forms the value system.' In today's competitive environment such a value system plays a crucial role not only in satisfying customer needs but in taking on the competition as well. A company can acquire competitive advantage on its rivals on account of marketing efforts, brand building, value creation, innovation, operational efficiencies etc. but more important is to sustain the leading edge. Value creation forms the core component for sustaining the competitive advantage. Mele and Colurci (2006) provide distinctive paradigms for value as such.

Answering Questions On Ethics In Marks And Spencer Accounting Essay

Answering Questions On Ethics In Marks And Spencer Accounting Essay Marks Spencer is one of the UKs leading retailers, with over 21 million people visiting their stores each week. MS offer stylish, high quality, great value clothing and home products, as well as outstanding quality foods, responsibly sourced from around 2,000 suppliers globally. MS employ over 75,000 people in the UK and abroad, and have over 600 UK stores, plus an expanding international business. MS is the number one provider of womens wear and lingerie in the UK, and are rapidly growing our market share in menswear, kids wear and home, due in part to our growing online business. Overall, our clothing and home ware sales account for 49% of our business. The other 51% of our business is in food, where we sell everything from fresh produce and groceries, to partly-prepared meals and ready meals. 1.1 Marks Spencers Code of Ethics Marks Spencer is committed to Quality, Value, Service, Innovation and Trust. Trust is earned from others as a result of commitment to long held values and the ethical manner in which MS behave that underpins t. Having trust is a very important part of what makes Marks Spencer a special company and MS all have a responsibility to protect this heritage This includes: Complying with the law in the UK and all others countries in which M S operate. Following company policies and procedures. Acting in a professional manner with honesty and integrity at all times. If in doubtdoing the right thing! Detailed policies on specific issues are maintained by the relevant area of the Company. This Code of Ethics describes the behaviours that Marks Spencer expects by stakeholders. Question 1 The Code of Ethics applies to everyone working for MS .code of ethics will apply each company which are you are located in the world. In other words Code of Ethics will apply all the stakeholders of Marks Spencer .As follows Customers MS code of ethics will apply to its all customers. MS values the loyalty and confidence of our customers above all else. MS offer the highest possible standards of Quality, Value, Service, Innovation and Trust. Colleagues There are separate code of ethics will apply to the Colleagues of M S. It includes the committed to an active Equal Opportunities Policy, from recruitment and selection, through training and development, appraisal and promotion, right up to retirement etc. Shareholders MS is owned by the individuals and organisations that invest in our shares. MS code of ethics will apply to its all shareholders. MS focused on building a sustainable business for the long term, generating shareholder value through consistent, profitable growth. Suppliers MS sources products from around the world, respecting third party rights and design integrity. There are unique code of ethics procedure apply to suppliers of MS to provide customers with the best quality products at competitive prices. Environment The natural environment provides all the raw materials need to operate MS business. MS is committed to the principle of sustainable development which underpins their eco plan which in line with code of ethics Government Public There are different roles expected from managers and employees. Managers have more power than employs as well as more responsibilities than employees. All MS employees are required to comply with the Code of Ethics and the policies including managers. Managers (level E and above) have additional responsibilities under the Code: Ensure the Code is understood by those they manage; Provide advice and guidance on interpreting the Code; Uphold and promote the requirements of the Code; Individually sign their acceptance of the Code each year. Managers expected to behave differently from Employees because they have more responsibilities and power than employees. If any employee do wrong thing with knowledge should not their managers must take action agency it and do not remain silent. Managers must take action to all matters of malpractice, improper action or wrongdoing in very seriously and managers has to strongly encouraged to raise incidents or behaviours that are not in accordance with the Code of Ethics, or the policies Question 2 MS Code of Ethics outlines the behaviours that upholds as a Company and MS conduct business with the highest standards of honesty and integrity. MS has different different standard of business conduct expected from each group. As example employees, suppliers etc. Suppliers : MS work in partnership with all suppliers to ensure that they comply at all times with the high standards and commitments set out in our Global Sourcing Principles, in addition to requiring all suppliers to work towards achieving the adoption of the recognised international standards contained in the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) Base Code, as set out in the MS Global Supplier Workbook. Employees standard of business conduct expected by customers from MS will be highest possible standards of Quality, Value, Service, Innovation and Trust. MS will always try to make sure their labelling, advertising and other forms of Communication are clear, honest and accurate and MS always work to respect cultural and ethical beliefs. Failure to comply with the Code and its policies and procedures will result in disciplinary procedures being applied that may result in dismissal from the Company. In instances of fraud, where financial loss has been incurred, individuals will be prosecuted and the Company will seek to recover losses. Consequences of Failure to Comply 1.If a director or employee violates this Code, fails to properly report a violation of this Code or intentionally submits a false report, he/she will be subject to discipline. In the event of a violation of any law, rule or regulation, the violation may be reported to the appropriate law enforcement authorities. The discipline imposed will vary depending on the nature, severity, and frequency of the violation as well as the status of the person involved. Discipline will be imposed for violations of this Code, failure to report violations and withholding relevant and material information concerning violations. Directors and employees will be informed of the charges against them and will be given the opportunity to explain their actions before any disciplinary action is imposed. 2. Varying levels of disciplinary action may be imposed, including: (a) Verbal Warning (b) Written Warning (c) Written Reprimand (d) Probation (e) Suspension (f) Termination or Reminders 3. Offenders may also be subject to criminal prosecution and civil liability, including compensating the Company or other injured parties for their loss. 4. No employee may be retaliated against for reporting in good faith to the Company, in accordance with this Code, any suspected misconduct or violation of this Code. Any employee who believes he or she has been retaliated against, or threatened with retaliation, should inform the Director of Human Resources, the Compliance Officer or a representative of the Board immediately. Employees or directors who violate this non-retaliation policy will be subject to discipline. Individuals are expected to act responsibly and ethically in reporting under this Code. Employees and directors must not use this Code or any of its procedures in bad faith or in a false or frivolous manner. A code of ethics is a set of guidelines that are applied when conducting business. It often includes the correct way to deal with customers. It is used to address everything from conflicts of interest to standards of professional conduct. Purpose of code of ethics is Businesses develop a code of ethics to build a moral and ethical workplace and to help guide employees when conducting day-to-day business. . It also tells others what the organization stands for and what to expect when doing business with it A whistle blowing is the process which raises a concern about wrongdoing occurring in an organization or body of people. whistle blowing revealed misconduct may be classified in many ways; for example, a violation of a law, rule, regulation and/or a direct threat to public interest, such as fraud, health/safety violations, and corruption. Purpose of Whistle blowing Guide is provide better understating about the organizational process of Whistle blowing and make reminder to all employees there will be some one unknowingly concern about wrongdoing occurring in an organization as well as reduce the wrong doing such as violation of a law, rule, regulation and/or a direct threat to public interest, such as fraud, health/safety violations, and corruption Bribery, Gifts and Entertainment Ethical issue involved is taking Bribery, Gifts and Entertainment. It is unethical. Bribery, a form of corruption, it is an act implying money or gift given that alters the behavior of the recipient. Bribery constitutes a crime. According to The UK Bribery Act received Royal Assent in April 2010 and bribery can be as follows Making a bribe, Accepting a bribe Bribing a Foreign Public Official Failing to prevent bribery at a corporate level MS code of ethics is not allow its employees to give or accept improper payments, or gifts in order to conduct business anywhere in the world As well as Do not allow suppliers to pay travel or accommodation expenses. Any employee should not get involved in any business transactions that could result in personal benefit. You should not use their position as an MS employee to get discounts from contractors/suppliers unless they are corporate agreed discounts notified and made available to all employees, or do personal business, unless expressly authorised by management. Why is it relevant in business? The major impact for business is that noncompliance with rules and regulation of the country as well as company code of ethics. Taking Bribery, Gifts and Entertainment is criminal offence. in other words Failure to prevent bribery by taking adequate measures is a criminal offence, which in effect makes company directors liable for the actions of their employees if they do not introduce sufficient controls any organization should have responsibility to prevent taking bribery, gift and entertainment through the introduction of adequate measures. The UK government had introduced new rules to cover Bribery, The new offences cover the briber and the bribed as well as taking Gifts and Entertainment The Act also introduces a new offence of failing to prevent such bribery taking place. relevance of this kind of unethical practices to the business is The sentence can be up to ten years imprisonment for an individual and/or an unlimited fine. Senior management could be deemed to be personally liable if the corporate body commits an offence where the senior officer was a participant in the offence (1-3 below) or knew of the offence. Businesses can face an unlimited fine

The effect of osmosis in potato cells with different concentrations of

The effect of osmosis in potato cells with different concentrations of sucrose solution Aim: To test the effect of different concentrations of sucrose solution to osmosis in a potato cells by putting potato pieces in test tubes of water containing different concentrations of sucrose solution. Scientific Theory: Osmosis is defined as the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration. In a high concentration of water the amount of solute (e.g. sugar) is low. This could be called a weak or dilute solution. In a low concentration of water the amount of solute (e.g. sucrose) is high. This could be called a strong or concentrated solution. When two such solutions are divided by a partially permeable membrane the water will move from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration, until both sides are equal (have reached equilibrium). Knowing that osmosis will occur across a partially permeable membrane whenever there is a difference between the water concentrations on the two sides of the membrane, and knowing that when this happens to cells they will either become turgid if water flows into them, or flaccid if water flows out of them, and thus change their volume, we want to test the hypothesis that: If the concentration of a solution into which a cylinder of potato is placed is greater than a certain level the cylinder will contract, and if the concentration is less than that level it will expand. The cell membrane in cells is partially permeable and the vacuole contains a sugar/salt solution. So when a cell is placed in distilled water (high water concentration) water will move across the partially permeable membrane into the cell (lower water concentration) by osmosis, making the cell swell. This cell is now referred to as turgid. If done with potato cells the cells would increase in volume and mass because of the extra water. If these potato cells were placed in a solution with a low water concentration, then the opposite would happen. Water would move out of the cell into the solution. In extreme cases the cell membrane breaks away from the cell wall and the cell is referred to as flaccid. The potato cells will have decreased in volume and mass. The greater the concentration of water in the so... ... for example, with a carrot or an apple to see if osmosis affects them in the same way as it does potato. I would also widen the range of sugar concentrations to include 1.1M 2M. Moreover, I would like to see if and when the cells reach a maximum and minimum weight. Temperature could also be changed, for example the samples could be placed in different test tubes at different temperatures to see if temperature played its part in the osmosis of potatoes. 5 sets of 3 potatoes could be placed in test tubes at 10oC, 20oC, 30oC, 50oC and 60oC. Then leave them for 24 hours making sure all the variables in the first experiment still apply however just using one molar solution. Then after 24 hours re-weigh the samples and record the result. I would expect that at high temperatures the potato samples would gain the most weight. This is because at high temperatures the water molecules would move faster and therefore equal the concentration faster. A preliminary experiment could be set up beforehand to find out how long the experiment should be kept going because if the concentration of the potatoes equalises then the weight of the potatoes will be almost exactly the same.

Personal Narrative- Concert :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Concert As the dark stadium filled with fire, with the sounds of guns and bombs exploding everywhere, the crazed fans yelled at the top of their lungs. The enormous stage was rumbling with the sound of a single guitar as the band slowly started their next encore performance. Soon after I realized that I was actually at the Sanitarium concert listening to Metallica play "One", I thought to my self, "Is this real, am I actually here right now?" I had a weird feeling the entire time because I had worked all summer to simply listen to music with a bunch of strangers. The day started off pretty normal, well, besides the fact that we had all stayed in a house with nothing but an old Nintendo system and a couple of lawn chairs. We went to breakfast at Denny's, after which we made our way to Denver, the site of the day's big event. On our way to my cousin's apartment, we drove by the multi million-dollar complex. It had a huge billboard that said "Summer Sanitarium." To my surprise, I kind of got a nervous feeling. Why? I do not know. We proceeded to my cousin's apartment where the entire group conglomerated in preparation of the concert. We had a large group of people that consisted of Carter, Josh, Seth, Sam and his two brothers, Tim, Kim, Eric, my brother me and. While waiting for the right time to arrive at the event, we had the radio turned to a station that was playing Metallica in honor of their presence in Denver. The moment had finally arrived, we were about to enter the newly built stadium. As we approached the entrance, there was a small line of people waiting their turn to be frisked. While waiting in line, I noticed that there were certain things not allowed into the stadium for safety reasons. One lady had a large chain that resembled a dog chain in her pocket. The guard told her to take it back to her car or throw it in the trash. When the lady threw her chain in the trash I realized how devoted some of these fans really were. I thought to myself," maybe I'm not as big of fan as I thought," and continued through the gates. After our entire group got through security we had to separate, due to the different seating assignments.

Israel palestine conflict (final) Essay

History In 1917 the British government issued the Balfour Declaration, pledging it support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. About 300,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine, and Arab-owned land. The Arab majority feared a Zionist Plan to dispossess them and make Palestine a Jewish State. To appease the Arabs, who had staged several revolts, Britain issued the White Paper of 1939 (Bright, 1981, p. 67). It virtually cut off Jewish immigration and limited land acquisition by Jews. The Zionists objected, but nevertheless Jewish troops from Palestine supported British in World War II. Smuggling of Jewish immigrants became widespread, and there were bloody clashes between Arabs and Jews. Some Jews even conducted a terrorist campaign. The Great Britain referred their problem to the United Nations. Then the UN voted to partition Palestine between the Arabs and Jews, leaving Jerusalem in an international zone but then the Arab leaders rejected the plan, and fighting again broke out (Bright, 1981, p. 67). Until the Jewish leaders proclaimed the state of Israel and it beat off invasion by the neighboring Arab league countries. Then the Arabs were expelled from the captured areas, creating an enormous refugee problem. Tensions remained high and there were frequent border clashes until full scale war broke out in June, 1967. Many chaotic events happened years after it, not until they made a peace treaty in 1979. But then the tensions were again heightened in 1981 when the Israel annexed Golan Heights, and when the country invaded and occupied Southern Lebanon, in an attempt to expel the Palestinian guerilla forces there (Bright, 1981,p. 68). This conflict between the Palestine and Israel is still present today. I think for them to settle and resolved their problems of decades now, they should have a time to sit and talk things over. They should have an agreement which is not mediated by any organizations but them alone. They should talk on whatever things they want to do. They should agree on what to do about the Golan Heights and the other Borders that they are fighting for. They should also take time also to list all the things they want to achieve as two different countries minding the good of the citizens living there. I think the Arab Palestinians just don’t like the decisions made by the Israeli. They don’t respect the thinking or what would the Arabs would like to do, the Israeli could do things they want for their place but they should also consider the Arab Palestinians living their. Before they would make a move they should think if it is for the benefit of all or for themselves only. We can not blame the Arab Palestinians, for they just react on whatever the Israeli has decided to do. I think the Arab Palestinians just want fairness in their land. Reference: 1. Bright, John. A History of Israel, 3rd edition (Westminster Press, 1981).

Frankenstein and his creature are in fact the same person

When considering this question one must first take note of the discrepancy between the literal presentation of the relationship between Frankenstein and his creature, and the figurative presentation of that. Are Shelley's intentions predominantly to bring our attention to the fixed sequence of events – to perceive the story in a literal manner – or to a more implicit message; an analogy of bodily union between the two antagonists? Of course, today, when one utters the name ‘Frankenstein' the first image thought up is that of a detestable, monstrous, green entity with bolts through the neck. This is indeed erroneous when taking Shelley's novel into account, yet it still offers us an allusion to the idea of the double. It has frequently been suggested that the creature assumes the role of a doppelginger – or alter-ego – to Frankenstein. That he is merely an extension, or reflection of his creator (indeed ‘creature' implies ‘creator'). They both assume various synonymous roles throughout the novel; for example, their corresponding isolation, the omission of female influence in their matters, their juxtaposed intentions to take revenge, and of course the simple fact that Victor is presented as a solitary ‘parent' to the creature – the only person with whom the creature has an emotional bond. So, let us first look at this issue of Victor's and the creature's ‘father-son' relationship. Of course, the common interpretation of this matter is that Frankenstein manages to usurp the roles of both God and the female.What is the difference between a figurative and a literal analogy? Indeed, ‘like father like son' has a profound meaning here, and the creature is, in effect Victor's â€Å"own vampire† – his child. The most indicative portrayal of this usurping of the female (the mother) follows immediately after the creature's ‘awakening', with Frankenstein's horrifically symbolic dream of Elizabeth – his potential and prearranged partner – being degraded into the corpse of his dead mother. This does seem to provide an implicit metaphor for sexual depravity – that Victor's exploits lead him to isolate himself from both the world's populace and, in turn, any form of carnal satisfaction. Let us, then, look further into this issue of isolation. The reasons for both Victor's and the creature's solitude differ markedly, but are nevertheless explicably connected. Victor is essentially isolated by his ‘Promethean' strive for knowledge: â€Å"†¦ how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow† This – Victor's own claim – provides us with an allusion to a man ‘punching above his weight' (to put it facetiously). As with Prometheus – the Greek Titan – Victor, in the early parts of the novel, contemplates the power of fire (this trek into the unknown – when taking into account Walton's ominous expedition to the Arctic – has also led critics to propose a Frankenstein-Walton double). This knowledge is then utilised by him in the creation of his creature – in parallel with Prometheus, striking discontent with godly authority. As the 1931 film version of Frankenstein adequately made out, â€Å"†¦ Now I know what it's like to be God†. Frankenstein is an introvert – departing the archetypal family life to take up his place at Ingolstadt. He concedes vast quantities of his own life to create life – the monster being his Adam. It is therefore rather ironic that this concession of life is seemingly deemed worthless – and a waste – after Victor abandons his creature. The reason for this abandonment is essentially predicated on the creature's repulsive physical appearance – his ominous manifestations striking fear into his creator. This now brings us onto the creature's reasons for isolation. He is an outcast from the world to the extent that even those he thought to be well-natured and understanding – the De Lacey family – callously repel him. He is excluded from domestic life, albeit involuntarily, i la his creator. Looking at one interpretation, we might view this rebuttal of oddities as an attack by Shelley on societal conditioning (displayed effectively by the young, innocent William's preconceptions of the monster as an â€Å"ogre† and a â€Å"fiend†) and the corrupt narrow-minded outlook of society towards what, on the surface, appears to be evil, but is in fact benevolent (the creature being a ‘noble savage'). The monster's situation arouses a poignant sense of pity in the reader. His solitude – a common theme throughout Gothic literature – forces him into â€Å"malignity† (this word having been repeated frequently throughout the novel by Victor as narrator). The creature is, therefore, not just a reflection of Adam, but also of Satan – an outcast from heaven (of course, the monster's ‘heaven' can possibly be interpreted to be the respect and understanding of man towards him). Furthermore, the creature strikes similarities with John Milton's representation of Satan in Paradise Lost (â€Å"Better to rule in Hell than to serve in Heaven†). The monster's murderous exploits cast an ominous light over him – he is now the villain. What we can see, then, is a complex matrix of doubles – the creature and Adam, the creature and Satan, Frankenstein and God, Frankenstein as the parental dichotomy and, of course, the creature and Frankenstein. Another pointer to there being a bodily union between the two antagonists comes in the form of their intentions – namely, that of revenge. The creature intends to take revenge on his creator and conversely the creator intends to take revenge on his creature. One interpretation is that this is an embodied symbol of one man – Frankenstein (this introvert) – attempting to suppress the ugly, odious side of his nature. One can draw parallels with Robert Louis Stephenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde – the split personality indicating a doppelginger motif holding weight throughout the Gothic genre. The creature's and the creator's intentions, their natures and, of course, their purpose are all intertwined. The monster is Victor's â€Å"own spirit let loose from the grave, and forced to destroy all that was dear to [him]†. Indeed, Frankenstein feels equally culpable for the deaths of William, Justine, Elizabeth and Clerval. Like the monster, Victor: â€Å"†¦ had begun life with benevolent intentions and thirsted for the moment when [he] should put them in practice and make myself useful to my fellow beings† But progressively they both – as an interrelation – decline into being feeble, ‘malignant' characters. These intentions and emotional attachments do continue to intricately link both the creator and his creature (God and Adam, father and son). Other literally presented occurrences in the novel, for example, the arrest of Frankenstein in Ireland for the murder of Henry continue to supply evidence of Shelley's overriding intention. This detainment was no mistake. It was simply a figurative portrayal of Victor's arrest at the expense of his darker side – both he and the creature are equally culpable and both are one and the same. Also, Aya Yatsugi offers the notion of a ‘mirror stage'. Frankenstein and the creature's perception of each other through the window in the Orkneys comparable to a ‘reflection'. This being supplemented by Victor's destruction of the creature's mate and the subsequent murder of Elizabeth by the creature – again, the sequence of events is too intricate and precise for us to rule out the possibility for Shelley's intentions to have been for that of the double (this dichotomous murder of partners also continues to support the omission of the female). To summarise, then, it is of great import that there is nothing to rule out the possibility of Shelley delivering this work as a purposeful analogy; pointing to a bodily union of Frankenstein with his monster. Of course, we must understand that if one is to perceive the novel in this manner it will always be subjective and never constant. Yet, the evidence is there, as a supplement, for those who harbour this view. The creature and creator are spiritually one and the same. Their positions in the narrative and corresponding actions are crucially paralleled. Victor is the creature's father, Victor is the creature's God, Victor is the creature's focus of vengeance, and Victor is the only entity with which (possibly with the exception of the De Laceys) the creature has a poignantly governed relationship. Yet, to say that these two characters are ‘the same person' is possibly stretching this idea to an unaccountable degree. Indeed, they may just be separate characters with strong parallels – Shelley's narrative simply outlining their synonymy and corresponding situations. Maybe Shelley's message is essentially bringing our attention to the fact that these two characters, despite being at each other's throats throughout, still maintain such a powerful understanding and spiritual bond. Nevertheless, this issue will forever be open to argument.

Ceja Vineyards Marketing Analysis Essay

eja Vineyards’ Decision to Directly Market to the Hispanic Community Analysis The Case Study, â€Å"Ceja Vineyards: Marketing to the Hispanic Wine Consumer?† by Armand Gilinksy Jr., Linda I. Nowak, Cristina Santini, and Ricardo Villarreal deSilva (2010) outlines a critical decision a small, family owned winery in California is facing. The winery, Ceja Vineyards, is located in the Carneros region and is equally owned by four Mexican born immigrants of farm workers. Amelia Moran Ceja, President, and her husband Pedro Ceja, Artistic Director, along with Pedro’s brother Armando Ceja, Winemaker and Vineyard Manager, and his wife Armando Ceja comprise the ownership team. Amelia, Pedro, and Armando grew up working in the Napa Valley vineyards, and in 1983 purchased fifteen acres in the Carneros region to begin their own vineyard. They planted their first grapes in 1986, and had their first harvest in 1988. From 1989 to 2000 they purchased additional plots of land and planted a variety of grapes. Their wine grape growing company is named Vina del Sol. They produce enough grapes for 65,000 cases of wine per year. In 2001, the company took another large step and began producing their own wine, under the branded name Ceja Vineyards. Their wine is made using their own grapes grown by Vina del Sol. In 2002, Ceja Vineyards was named â€Å"Winery of the Year† by a panel of ninety wine writers. Now it is 2007, and their wine production has doubled almost every year to the current amount of 10,000 cases a year. Problem Identification The key issue in the case study is whether or not they should make a concerted effort to target Hispanics in their marketing efforts. They see the potential of marketing to Hispanics due to the influx in Hispanic population in the U.S., and the continued projected increase. Their main concerns, are that they will have to change their marketing strategies, and incur substantial promotional expenses. They also will not lower their wine prices just to market to Hispanics. Amelia wants the company to focus on direct sells to the consumer so they don’t have to depend on the current distribution system. Analysis To understand the present situation Ceja Vineyards is in and to best recommend a course of action, three analysis techniques were employed. These three are the SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces, and Value-Chain Analysis. SWOT Analysis A SWOT Analysis was applied first to the situation to assess the internal Strengths and Weaknesses, along with the external Opportunities and Threats. Ceja Vineyards has a multitude of Strengths. Their ownership knowledge is based on a lifetime of real world experience. They grew up picking grapes, and control every aspect of the company guaranteeing top quality. They have a unique history, in that they are Mexican immigrants and the company is family owned. The vineyard is in a premier location. Carneros was the first wine region based on climate rather than political boundaries. Their wine is estate grown using grapes from their wine growing company, Vina del Sol. The company is debt free from years of solid investing and planning. They implemented a wine club, to be able to sell directly to the consumer. Ceja Vineyards is not without its weaknesses. Their small production amount limits their marketing strategies due to not being able to compete head to head with the mega-wineries. They also have limited distribution due to their size, though the emergence of Boutique distributors and their wine club has helped. As for external factors, Ceja Vineyards looks to have a plethora of Opportunities to increase their demand. They could target the ever growing U.S. Hispanic Market. There are currently forty million Hispanics in the U.S., 20% who earn more than $100,000 per year. They are also projected to be the fastest growing population for the foreseeable future. In 2006, they had to turn people away from a wine tasting in Los Angeles because of the demand. Hosting more of these events could be beneficial. Their wine club members receive a discounted retail price, but Ceja Vineyards could introduce a â€Å"Rewards Program† for recruiting new members. The wine market has exploded in the 2000s, and has produced quite a few Threats for Ceja Vineyards. Competition has become fierce recently as the number of wineries grew by 26% from 2004-2007. The â€Å"three-tier system† for distribution does not favor small  wineries. It places a different tax rate dependent on state, and the â€Å"Big Five† distributing companies hold 52% of the distributing market. Boutique distributors are not able to operate in all states, and are always at threat of being purchased by the major distributors. Ceja Vineyards has done well for itself so far, but there is always the threat of growing too fast, without the required demand. The SWOT analysis shows a very high amount of strengths and opportunities that would suggest an aggressive strategy if not for Ceja Vineyards personal business strategy of slow growth. Porter’s Five Forces Porter’s Five Forces was next used to determine the competitive environment. The Five Forces method is used to determine a company’s profit potential for a particular industry.  The Threat of New Entrants – High. Despite the high start-up costs, and that vineyards and wineries are a long term investment, it has not stopped people from joining the market. In 2006-2007, 12,000 new brands were introduced to the market. The number of imports in the U.S. market has also grown. Most noticeably, imports priced above ten dollars, that would compete with Ceja Vineyards, have grown â€Å"44 percent annually from 2005-2007† (Gilinksy Jr., Nowak, Santini, and Villarreal deSilva, 2010, p. 15). The Bargaining Power of Buyers – High. The main buyer of wines from wineries are supermarkets and warehouse stores. These location account for 80% of wine retail sales. Another factor that is increasing the bargaining power of buyers is that there are few key buyers since the, â€Å"retail sector witnessed considerable consolidation in the early 2000s, due to mergers of both supermarkets and liquor store chains† (Gilinksy Jr., et al., 2010, p. 14). The Bargaining Power of Suppliers – Low. Suppliers in this instance, mean small market suppliers. Gilinksy Jr. et al. (2010) states, â€Å"The top ten wine companies in the U.S. controlled 82 percent of all shipments,† so while the larger producers may have some bargaining power, it doesn’t allow any for smaller quantity producing entities. The Threat of Substitute Products and Services – Low. Ceja Vineyards location is its greatest strength against the threat of substitute products and services. While there are other wine products, and other companies that sell even the same type of wine as Ceja Vineyards, there are only so many that can produce it using Carneros grapes. In the wine industry, the quality of your grapes are your biggest asset, and each location produces a distinct flavored grape. People who prefer Carneros grapes will only have so many options due to its limited size. The Intensity of Rivalry among Competitors in an Industry – High. As stated previously, the wine market is growing each year, both domestically and internationally. As is the number of wine producers which is outpacing the market growth. This combination makes it harder each year to create a demand for your product with so many options available to the consumer. Value-Chain Analysis To understand if a company has a competitive advantage or not, a Value-Chain analysis can be performed on the company’s business model. For this report, we will only focus on the primary activities of the Value-Chain analysis Inbound Logistics. Ceja Vineyards is classified as an estate-grown winery, because it is located in the same place the grapes are grown. The vineyard that grows the grapes, Vina del Sol, is owned by the same group so this makes this portion of inbound logistics ideal. Being located in California, also helps with the inbound logistics of bottles, corks, and bottle labels because California has the largest number of wineries per state in the United States. This is going to mean any supplies needed for wine making will be readily available. Operations. The four owners consist of two married couples, and each has an equally weighted vote in any decision. They are also family, and live nearby each other making communication easy, in theory. They also grew up around vineyards so all have a deep understanding of what is needed to run the business. The quality remains high because according to Pedro, â€Å"we’ve done quality control over every aspect, from growing to the cork that goes  into the bottle† Gilinksy Jr. et al. (2010). The only improvement to the operations side would be if Pedro quit his day job and focused his full attention on the winery. Outbound Logistics. This is the area that is the main issue for the Ceja’s. The industry is set up to cater to the mass producing wineries. To mass distribute their product they would have to use the â€Å"three-tier system†, which would only pay them 50% of the retail value of their product. Other options are the boutique distributors, but they can’t distribute to the entire U.S. This is why Amelia wants to sell directly to the consumer through their wine club, and tasting room to cut out the middle man and increase their profits. Marketing and Sales. The grape producing side of their company, Vina del Sol, is doing terrific. The demand for it is very high as it already has five companies on the waitlist to buy grapes. While, Ceja Vineyards sales have doubled each year since introducing their branded wine it is hard to judge the ceiling. This is mainly because the company has grown slowly, and been vigilant of growing too fast. The company realizes though, they have to decide on exactly how to market their product though if they want to continue increasing demand for it, and that is the issue we are trying to solve. Alternate Solutions The Ceja’s have multiple options they could take, and still be successful. The easiest option would be to change nothing. They have increased their revenue and profits each of the past three years according to their income statements. Also, they stated they had doubled their wine sales each year, and were ranked number 2 in Wine Business Monthly’s Hottest New Small Brands. With the growing wine market and critic accolades, they would probably continue to grow without changing anything. They could decide to target the entire Hispanic population, and market heavily. This mass marketing strategy would reach the most people, but would be very expensive. It would require an understanding from all the  owners that it could produce significant losses during the transition period. They could look at Round Hill Vineyards & Cellars as a blueprint. They did an ethnic outreach program in 2004 to target Hispanics and Asians. Their total case sales increased 400 percent from 2005 to 2006. Ceja Vineyards could work directly with their current Wine Club members, asking them for feedback on what made them join. Offer the members rewards for purchasing so many cases a year, or recruiting new members. Currently, half of the wine clubs 1000 members are of Hispanic descent. They could speak directly to this portion of the group to try more of a grassroots marking campaign. Ceja Vineyards could also market to only a portion of the Hispanic community. Since they refuse to lower their prices, they could market to the nine percent of Hispanics that make up the â€Å"mostly acculturated† percent of the Latino population. Wine consultant Sandra Gonzalez stated, â€Å"these Hispanic wine consumers are 96 percent more likely to spend $20 or more a bottle than non-Hispanics.† (Gilinksy Jr., et al., 2010, p. 14). Recommendations Ceja Vineyards in the enviable position of being a growing company with no debt in a growing market. After analyzing Ceja Vineyards’ business model and the state of the external environment, Ceja Vineyards should market to the Hispanic population. As of 2005, there were 12.5 million Hispanics in California alone. This is an enormous untapped market that if tapped into would allow Ceja Vineyards’ to rely less on the big distributors and more on direct to consumer sales. Ceja Vineyards’ should continue to grow their Wine Club through the use of promotions and a reward system, while also reaching out to the â€Å"mostly acculturated† percent of the Latino population. They should also look into the marketing strategies Round Hill Vineyards & Cellars employed to attract Hispanics and Asians to their brands.

Discussing two examples, analyse the way in which fashion consumption Essay

Discussing two examples, analyse the way in which fashion consumption is changing in relation to new technologies of consumption, and globalisation - Essay Example Due to the changes that come from the new technologies and globalization, the meaning attached to their clothing’s by their consumers has greatly changed. The consumers currently view their dressing styles as a reflection of their beliefs, values and an extension of their personalities. This in turn means that the choice the consumer makes and wants to be associated with enables him to propel himself or herself among her society. As a result of the globalization process their customers’ influences have changed the meaning of several of the company’s brands, values along with their standings in the global market. The demand for the designer wear that the company deals in will decrease in the near future, but the demand for their strong comfort products will continue rising since the populations’ incomes continue rising as technologies advance. The market for their designer clothing is increasing becoming volatile and disorderly due to the changes in customer needs along with desires that require to be satisfied. The volatile nature of the market results from the free flow of information that results from the globalization process. It is also facilitated by the fact that new technologies are increasingly being utilized in the production of several of their commodities. In terms of reaping the benefits of using newer technologies along with globalization, the clothing company has come up with strong and desirable products for their customers. This is all happening because the markets have in turn become more of a challenge to cope with along the high rates of competition. The process of achieving growth is becoming very difficult for the company when it comes to maintaining their uniqueness along with exclusivity as a result of their competitors’ efforts. This is besides the fact that the clothing company has the desire of growing and expanding their influence using newer technologies and their globalization efforts. Through the

Law Enforcement in the Czech Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law Enforcement in the Czech Republic - Essay Example The total area of Czech Republic is 78,844 square km and the population is 10.5 million. It is surrounded by Poland, Austria, Slovakia and Germany and also occupies the historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia and a small area of Silesia. The people of Czech Republic are Slavic people who are from central and Eastern Europe but their culture and tradition connects them to the West. Czech Republic is a democratic country and the bicameral Parliament, that includes the House of Representatives and the Senate, acts as the central body in the political system. The head of the state is the President with limited powers and is elected for five years. The President holds some important legal powers such as the appointment of the Prime Minister and members of the government, selection for the members of Czech National Bank Board and the official signing authority (Czech Republic Country Brief, 2007). General: In Czech Republic the Justice system consists of 86 District Courts, 8 Regional Courts, 2 High Courts and a Supreme Court. The highest judicial authority in the country is the Constitutional Court which is situated in Brno. Its major activities do not include dealing with criminal cases. Prosecution: The formation of the State Prosecutor's Office entirely follows the courts. Prosecution is brought by the State Prosecutor's Office. The courts completely handle the operations of the office. Police Force The total number of police force in Czech Republic is approximately 47,400 officers and 11,600 civilian staff. They are responsible for the security of its people and investigation of all crimes that took place in the country. In addition to the state police, there is municipal police that controls the traffic and public order in their particular municipalities. The right to investigate and arrest only lies with the state police. Police officers of Czech Republic are allowed to use vehicles. Their vehicles contain a black and white inscription "Policie" on the sides. These vehicles are white in color with horizontal green strips on the sides. Police force of Czech Republic possesses the following rights: 1. Demand for testimony in case of any accident. 2. Demand for personal identification. 3. Taking a person into custody. 4. Supervising the traffic and checking the conditions of the vehicles. Czech Police departments Criminal police: In the police department of Czech Republic, the officers monitor the criminal cases. Moreover, they detect the wrong doers and take them under their custody. The criminal police force is also responsible for the investigation of different cases regarding stolen properties, missing people, road accidents etc. They continuously look after the people and places in order to safeguard the lives of the citizens (Czech Republic, 2007). Traffic police: By law the traffic police officers are there to organize and control the movement of the traffic. In addition to it, they have to be really careful about the investigations made on the roads regarding accidents that happen almost every day. They are further required to check the procedures of collecting fines for illegal acts. When a driver commits an offense then the traffic police officer has the right to stop him from driving and take the car into his custody with some