Summary of October Sky Essay Example for Free

Summary of October Sky Essay Peter Travis creates a brand new look on the Movie, October Sky directed by Joe Johnston by reviewing the movie for Rolling stones in february 1999. He discovers the movie to be very unique and refreshing from the movies directed at that period of time. He considers October skys optimistic look on life to be way more necessary for common people than those Cynical outlooks of other movies. Traver states that the movie is based on the autobiography â€Å"The Rocket boys : A memoir â€Å" written by Homer Hickham, who worked as an aerospace engineer for almost twenty years in NASA. Traver briefly describes the Plot and Summary of the Movie which provides a good insight about the movie for readers. He starts saying that the movie is setback during the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union when the Soviets launched Sputnik towards the space. Travers states that even though the people of coalwood do not recognize the historic essence of this event , they still consider this achievement to be of great importance in the Technological Field. However, Homer Hickham , the protagonist of the movie discovers a new passion after watching this event take place. His desire of building rockets not only helps him to create a new future for himself but also provides him strength from not following his fathers footsteps towards working in the mines. Traver highlights the innumerable amount of difficulties Homer had to face before convincing his father Jim Hickham ( Chris Copper) to accept his passion for building rockets and help him choose a new path of life which is completely different from his own. Traver also states that the underrated actor Chris cooper does not slip into Caricature and plays his role very well . But out of all the events that takes place in the movie the most important one is difficulties Homer overcomes till the end and wins the Science Fair at last. He concludes by highlighting details about the plot of the movie to be distinctive and rich in favor. Nevertheless, he says Homer and friends turning out to choose their own futures different from what their parents wanted would sound corny but the movie surely focuses on the idealistic time in the American history

Blood Sports (Debate) Essay Example for Free

Blood Sports (Debate) Essay Blood sports should not be banned; whatever problems there are with the sport can be fixed with reforms. The World Health Organization has called for tighter regulation, including â€Å"Simple rules, such as requiring medical clearance, national passports to prevent players from fighting under more than one name, restricting fights for fixed periods after knockouts, requiring that ringside physicians be paid by the state and not the promoter, and making sure that the players are aware of the potential long-term consequence of blood sports, may help protect them to some degree. †The Australian Medical Association additionally â€Å"recommends that media coverage should be subject to control codes similar to those which apply to television screening of violence. †Finally, the World Medical Association suggests that all matches should have a ring physician authorized to stop the fight at any time. It has been reported that no safety regulations would be effective if head blows remain however such authors incorrectly apportion blame on boxing for a group of diseases known as Parkinson’s syndrome. Blood sports can result in chronic traumatic neurological conditions if fighters are not well matched, and fight without regulations in regard to their exposure. Boxing cannot cause Parkinson’s disease or other conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease as those are genetic conditions so to include them together as one set of conditions is incorrect and misleading. About 80% of deaths are caused by head, brain, and neck injuries, so the removal of the head as a scoring region may make a huge difference to the injury outcomes for this sport. However it would also change the very nature of the sport; and may mean people won’t participate in it. Ultimately, governments should do what they can to make blood sports as safe as possible, without losing the essence of the sport or banning it entirely. - (Banning blood sports would force people to channel their aggression into more harmful, violent activities) There is no conclusive scientific evidence linking increased contact sport participation with being more violent in social settings. Such statements make it sound as thought we would have not violence in society if all contact sport was removed and we all know that is untrue. Blood sports isn’t about violent aggression, it is about controlled aggression this is very different to violent behaviors. In a report on â€Å"violent† sports in schools, conducted by the Lance Armstrong Foundation, a martial-arts instructor explained, â€Å"Contact and combat sports allow students to deal with their aggression in a safe environment, rather than in the context of the classroom or school hallway. †This type of outlet is not only important for youth, but for adults as well. Jason Brick said, â€Å"Positive Views on Violence In Sports,† Live strong, January 7, 2011, accessed July 13, 2011, With /proposition (The Effect of blood sports on the viewers) Blood Sports have been around for decades. Viewing violence generally triggers or serves in the increase of aggression of an individual. Sports such as wrestling (smack down) and Ultimate Fighter Competition (UFC) are bloody sports and have mostly negative effects on those who watch them. The objective of these two sports is to beat an individual into unconsciousness, make them tap out by inflicting pain, if none of these is accomplished within a time frame, the match is to be stopped and the judges decide who wins. Many children, teenagers, and even adults tend to try and imitate a knock out or combos that were seen performed at one of these fights onto an individual in an uncontrolled environment whether it is their sibling, friend, coworker, or a stranger for different reasons that includes but is not limited to a misunderstanding or horse playing. Watching this sport leaves the viewer psychologically aggressive. For example, if someone watches a match and gets into a fight with another person later on, that person is more likely to use a technique he saw during the fight, and since there is no referee to stop the fight in case of suffocation or tap-out, the victim is more likely to bleed, pass out or even dies. During the 1980’s, two men were in a bar discussing the Marvin Haggler and Sugar Ray Leonard fight that had occurred several days before, and in the process on trying to show exactly how one of the punch landed, both men went outside, drawing a crowd with them. The demonstration turned tragic when one of the men landed a punch to the jaw of the other, and such was the power of the blow, that the victim fell, hit his head on the pavement and started to bleed, and had to be buried a few weeks later. Seeing and permitting violence to be seen makes it seem normal and legal when in fact it is not normal and it is horrible, but here is where lies another problem which is called desensitization. Many years ago when a horrible scene was about to be portrayed on your television set, there would first appear a window saying the images that you are about to see might injure the sensibility of certain people or words to that effect. Well, have you noticed that now they no longer even bother showing that little window? Its as if the media know that human kind are used to everything by now. That nothing is going to affect them that much. So what does this show? It shows that us human beings are getting desensitized to everything and when that happens it also means that we dont get so emotional about anything anymore and so consequently dont fight any more either in order to strive for a change. We have all come to a point where nothing moves us that much anymore. (Pain and Injury as the Price of blood sports) Many people think about sports in a paradoxical way: They accept violence in sports, but the injuries caused by that violence make them uneasy. They seem to want violence without consequences— like the ?ctionalized violence they see in the media and video games in which characters engage in brutality without being seriously or permanently injured. However, blood sports are real, and it causes real pain, injury, disability, and even death (Dater, 2005; Farber, 2004; Leahy, 2008; Rice, 2005; Smith, 2005b; Young, 2004a). Ron Rice, an NFL player whose career ended when he tackled an opponent, discusses the real consequences of blood sports. The brutal body contact of the tackle left him temporarily paralyzed and permanently disabled. He remembers that â€Å"before I hit the ground, I knew my career was over. . . . My body froze. I was like a tree that had been cut down, teetering, then crashing, unable to break my fall. † Research on pain and injury among athletes helps us understand that blood sports have real consequences. Studies indicate that professional sports involving brutal body contact and borderline violence are among the most dangerous workplaces in the occupational world. The same could be said about high-pro? le power and performance intercollegiate sports in which 80 percent of male and female athletes sustain at least one serious injury while playing their sports and nearly 70 percent are disabled for two or more weeks. Research shows a close connection between dominant ideas about masculinity and the high rate of injuries in many sports. Ironically, some power and performance sports are organized so that players feel that their manhood is up for grabs. Men who de? ne masculinity in terms of physically dominating others often use violence in sports as an expression of this code of manhood. Until they critically examine issues related to gender and the organization of their sports, they will mistakenly de? ne violence as a source of rewards rather than a source of chronic pain and disabilities that constrain and threaten their lives.

A Comparison of Tom Regan and Stephen Rose

A Comparison of Tom Regan and Stephen Rose Brianna Still People often use animals for a lot of experiments even though most people think that is it wrong. People make up countless excuses to why its okay to do this. But it is not okay. Animal researchers and such agree with my opinion that using animals for tests that we as humans would never want to do, is bad and very hypocritical, yet unfortunately there are just as many scientists who say that it is completely fine and that there isnt really much harm brought to the animals. Mind you, these scientists have apparently never owned a beloved pet close to their heart. The two essays, Animal Rights, Human Wrongs by Tom Regan and Proud to be Speciesist by Stephen Rose, talk about the issue of animal rights, but are written on completely opposing sides. They both talk about animals that are used for human benefits but in two completely different ways. Regans essay is much wider in my opinion. Roses essay looks at a detailed and personal view in this subject matter. Regans argument is that ani mal usage should be stopped because animal experiments for humans is not justified. But, Rose challenges Regans idea saying that the safety of mankind is more important than the rights that we would like animals to have. He says that using animals for research is perfectly fine. Regan is better at explaining the subject and has more credibility with actual examples to give a whole image of the subject matter. Rose doesnt do so good because his material is only built from science and research. Regan just appears more logical and fair on the issue matter. According to Regan animals have ethical rights, so he states that he thinks that they should be treated with respect by sane humans. He talks about how a mans description about the whaling process to show how few rational humans killed a whale for their ravenousness (336). Regan happens to be a philosophy instructor, therefore the arguments and viewpoints that he makes are more trustworthy. For a long time, hes been quarreling for the rights of animals, thus his statements are supported with very sturdy reasoning and they are sourced from all types of fields from things like people, knowledge and science. He states that butchering animals for pleasure, luxury and experiments is not at all right or vindicated, so it shouldnt be practiced. Regan claims that if it cannot be justified, then it shouldnt be done. Of course most people and organizations that do these type of things cannot come up with a moral enough reason as to why what there doing is actually justifiable, hence he probes them to stop using these creatures unless they can deliver a fitting justification. On the opposing side, Rose discusses the prominence (and therefore, importunateness) of animals when it comes to research and exploration for the physical wellbeing and survival of people. He quotes Alzheimers as an example (342) from his own particular experience to illuminate the role that animals play in human research to find treatments for it. Roses arguments about animals rank in research are undisputable because these claims are backed up completely by logic and science. Rose, himself is a biology instructor and a researcher on the side, so his arguments are very much reliable, usable and logical. He says, The first statement is plain wrong; the second, the claim that animal have rights, is sheer cant (342, 343). Moreover, he speaks about speciesism and states that animal activists are speciesists too; they just prefer animals to humans. Though his arguments are solid, his credibility is weakened because his aims and examples are only from science. Also, his biasedness can be taken into consideration, because he is a researcher, not an activist. He doesnt care as much about the moral rights. Even though the practice of these beasts in research is essential, his opinions and arguments are weak because of the narrow space of his research. Regan has carried on about how science constantly ignores animals rights. He declares that the research on animals are just not justified sufficiently, and he thinks that using animals for our welfares is ridiculous. Regan talked about a rabbit in stock (337) to show how a rabbit is put through many pains just to find out the feasibility of cosmetics and such on people. Yet this example of the rabbit supports his idea, it doesnt shield the entire idea of research. Some researches about deadly diseases are unavoidable because they are vital to the survival of human life. Regans argument is still weak since he isnt able to describe exactly why this research cant be avoided. In total, Regan sounds pretty convincing, and his philosophies are pretty much effective regardless of occasional drawbacks. Rose clarifies how scientists have been able to find cures for things like Epilepsy, Parkinsons, diabetes, and such (343), and he talks about how fundamental animals are in that research. He says, How far the concept of right can be extended-to not swatting a mosquito that is sucking your blood? To prevent your cat from hunting and killing a rat? Does an ant have as many rights as a gorilla? (343). Rose additionally indicates that some species of are more privileged than others if that species is more important than the other one. He talks about the rights of animals being only relative, meaning that if animals are in a greater proximity with human than they have more rights and vice versa; if we are in more proximity than we are the ones with more rights. He feels that activists of animal are Speciesist themselves, so he its not wrong if its vice versa as anti-activists are speciesist too. He says, Just because we are humans, any discussion of rights must begin with human rights. (3 43). Rose is proud to be a speciesist in favor of humans since he thinks we should privilege humans over animals and he, himself is a human. Roses urgings and examples are pretty convincing and full of facts, but they keep being weakened by doubt about his limitation. Roses reasoning and good logic can also be flawed by arguments that are from every other field except actual science. Hence, Roses idea gives room for some doubt although his reasoning, facts and ideas about the research are very waterproof. Regans tactic for the topic is fair. He started somewhat aggressive, but then considerate and lastly suggestive. He says, Possibly the rights of animals must sometimes give a way to human interests (339). He knows that usage of animals for the happiness of humans, from time to time, cannot be completely rejected, but all he asks for is a legit, logical reason. He states that all cruel things done to animals should be justifiable, otherwise they shouldnt even be considered valid. Then, he suggests a relative approach of how a deed can be justified with an example of racism and sexism (339). He asked people to reduce animal use as much as they possibly can, and justify it every time they kill an animal. His hint of relative approach pleases the readers conscience and is able to leave an impact on readers mind. Rose, conversely, says that there are not any rights that are not as privileged as humans. His awareness of our human rights alongside animal rights calls the integrity of the readers. He mentions that animal activists are speciesist too, so we too can be speciesist of humans. Rose says that animal activists are the kind of people who take medicine for Parkinsons disease, for example, or insulin for their diabetes, and such although they know that those drugs or treatments were experimented on animals. Roses reasons are faultless, but overlooks that it is a normal human behavior to aid an illness with prescriptions and medicine. Any rational thinking being would do anything for the certainty of their survival, so his argument can be questioned if you put it in that light. Rose talks about Declaration of Animals in Medical Research (344) that is only signed by specialists and doctors, and not by other fields of people. Thats why, while Roses opinions about speciesism in favor of human s are reasonable, sound and considerable, his notions are weak because he is so narrow and bias. Regan effectively presented his notions, reinforced by legit factual evidence, lecturing all likely parts, whereas Rose built his thoughts on facts and examples solely from research and science and that made him that much less credible and it made his arguments narrow. Roses statements and ideas can be effortlessly weakened rather than Regans arguments, because there are definitely potential doubts about his biasedness, and also his arguments are just really narrow. Though Rose made some very solid points in his essay, he could have been a lot more effective, and Regans essay contains just about everything and talks about the obvious wrongs that the rest of us cannot and should not ignore. Works Cited Regan, Tom. Animal Rights Human Wrongs: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2003. Rose, Stephen. Proud To be A Speciesist.

The Future of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Expository Essays Research

Any time in this modern era where one talks about the science of genetics, it is nearly impossible to think about the moral implications and ethical decisions that the future possesses. Currently, there aren’t many laws that govern this field of science, and one must wonder what will happen and how genetics will be governed. Two articles that I have recently read gave me a better insight on what to expect. In one article, the author, Deborah Gridley, discusses the heated topic of genetic discrimination. Genetic discrimination is defined as â€Å"discrimination against an individual or against members of that individual’s family because of real or perceived differences from the ‘normal genome† (Gridley 973). The benefits of genetic advances are quite clear. â€Å"As the genetic causes of many diseases are found, effective treatments and cures may be developed† (Gridley). However, with genetic benefits come risks – many of which are evident in America’s history of genetic discrimination (Gridley 974). Exclusionary immigration laws, forced sterilizations, employment and insurance hardships, ... The Future of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Expository Essays Research Any time in this modern era where one talks about the science of genetics, it is nearly impossible to think about the moral implications and ethical decisions that the future possesses. Currently, there aren’t many laws that govern this field of science, and one must wonder what will happen and how genetics will be governed. Two articles that I have recently read gave me a better insight on what to expect. In one article, the author, Deborah Gridley, discusses the heated topic of genetic discrimination. Genetic discrimination is defined as â€Å"discrimination against an individual or against members of that individual’s family because of real or perceived differences from the ‘normal genome† (Gridley 973). The benefits of genetic advances are quite clear. â€Å"As the genetic causes of many diseases are found, effective treatments and cures may be developed† (Gridley). However, with genetic benefits come risks – many of which are evident in America’s history of genetic discrimination (Gridley 974). Exclusionary immigration laws, forced sterilizations, employment and insurance hardships, ...

Essay --

Child Soldiers: Child soldiers need to be psychologically deconstructed after they’re programmed by warlords. They spent most of their childhood fighting in a war or running away from it. The world needs to start helping children around the world that go through war and fighting in it. Psychology abuse effects on former child soldiers were more likely to present severe mental health problems such as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. As children continue to be exploited by armed groups all over the world, special mental health interventions for child soldiers are ever more necessary. Children who were abducted at younger ages were more likely to report symptoms of depression over time than those who were older. The emotional consequences for the majority of the children are sad moods, preoccupations, suicidal thoughts and fears. Most of them experienced loss in relation to the death of members of their family and social status as a result of their actions. Most of the child soldiers were separated from their parents for a long period and many have lost the sense of family belongingness. Their family ties are wrecked. These children are separated from their cultural, social and moral identity, and it makes them vulnerable to psychologi cal and social ill effects. Those with PTSD have intrusive memories of the war, flashbacks, emotional arousal, emotional numbing and various other anxiety related symptoms. Many avoid places and conversations related to their past experiences. Some children are reluctant to go back to their native villages may be due to shame or guilt. In order to make children pliable, it is essential that recruitment be as traumatic as possible so that they will be psychologically w... ...ainwashing as well as brutal treatment to motivate them to fight and endure the deprivations of the campaigns. Children are sometimes abducted from their families and communities by warlords and military groups in need of fresh troops. Others join â€Å"voluntarily† they join because of hunger and extreme poverty or family dissolution. Children who find themselves orphans as a result of war may decide to join a paramilitary group in order to get food, clothing and relative protection. However, whichever way they became part of armed forces, children are all initially submitted to cruel and brutal treatment, beatings and humiliation of different sorts to make them dependent upon the armed group and deter escape attempts. When military leaders are the sole protection against widespread violence, children identify with them and become dependent on them for their every need. Essay -- Child Soldiers: Child soldiers need to be psychologically deconstructed after they’re programmed by warlords. They spent most of their childhood fighting in a war or running away from it. The world needs to start helping children around the world that go through war and fighting in it. Psychology abuse effects on former child soldiers were more likely to present severe mental health problems such as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. As children continue to be exploited by armed groups all over the world, special mental health interventions for child soldiers are ever more necessary. Children who were abducted at younger ages were more likely to report symptoms of depression over time than those who were older. The emotional consequences for the majority of the children are sad moods, preoccupations, suicidal thoughts and fears. Most of them experienced loss in relation to the death of members of their family and social status as a result of their actions. Most of the child soldiers were separated from their parents for a long period and many have lost the sense of family belongingness. Their family ties are wrecked. These children are separated from their cultural, social and moral identity, and it makes them vulnerable to psychologi cal and social ill effects. Those with PTSD have intrusive memories of the war, flashbacks, emotional arousal, emotional numbing and various other anxiety related symptoms. Many avoid places and conversations related to their past experiences. Some children are reluctant to go back to their native villages may be due to shame or guilt. In order to make children pliable, it is essential that recruitment be as traumatic as possible so that they will be psychologically w... ...ainwashing as well as brutal treatment to motivate them to fight and endure the deprivations of the campaigns. Children are sometimes abducted from their families and communities by warlords and military groups in need of fresh troops. Others join â€Å"voluntarily† they join because of hunger and extreme poverty or family dissolution. Children who find themselves orphans as a result of war may decide to join a paramilitary group in order to get food, clothing and relative protection. However, whichever way they became part of armed forces, children are all initially submitted to cruel and brutal treatment, beatings and humiliation of different sorts to make them dependent upon the armed group and deter escape attempts. When military leaders are the sole protection against widespread violence, children identify with them and become dependent on them for their every need.

Essay --

Hacking â€Å"I hacked your Facebook!† seems to me to be almost a common statement among people recently, but is it really hacking? No. Although someone could use a â€Å"brute force† program to mathematically get someone’s password it is not likely, and hardly worthwhile. Hacking can be extremely intimidating to someone who doesn’t completely understand what it is, or how it’s done. There are thousands of hackers in the world that make a living off of their skill and knowledge, not by stealing credit card information from old people who bought something online, or by taking social security numbers and selling them on a black market. These things do happen, and are possible, but are not as likely as the media would have you believe. The majority of professional hackers are referred to as â€Å"white hat† hackers. The term white hat comes from old movies when the good guy would wear a white hat, and the bad guy would wear a black hat. The first real hack happened before there were big security systems, and even before cell phones. Phreaking was the term given to the first official hackers, which dealt with telecommunication, and in this case, rotary style phones. Phreaking is a crime and is considered â€Å"toll fraud.† In some situations people with the knowledge cold use it to avoid long distance call charges. When this style of home phone was still new a long distance could even be considered across the street in some areas, and long distance calls were charged by the minute. Rotary phones have a hook that completes a circuit to send a signal, by rapidly clicking the hook for a variable number of times at roughly 5 to 10 clicks per second, separated by intervals of about one second, the caller can dial numbers as if they were using the rotary... ... 50minutes of down time. This attack was impressive on both ends, it showed the hacker had great skill, but also showed the white hats working for Reddit do an amazing job.. There are several laws in most countries against hacking in this way, and the punishments are severe, but that doesn’t stop most hackers. So is â€Å"hacking† a Facebook really hacking? Not at all. Hacking a Facebook is, at best, kiddie scripting. A script kiddie is a non-expert who breaks into computer systems by using pre-packaged automated tools written by others, usually with little understanding of the underlying concept. Even that is stretching it, if a friend leaves their Facebook open on your computer you did not hack it. If people took the time to read, understand, and not fanaticize about computer hacking it would be less intimidating, and easier to prevent on both large and small scales.

Is the Globalization tide turning? Essay

Marber attempts to analyze the origin and goals of the G8 countries and postulates that G8 needs to reinvent and reorient itself to address changing dynamics at the global level. The Cold War played a crucial role in the formation of Group of Eight (G8) as a forum to address and promote multilateralism among the nations that endorsed market-centric approach to economics. Politically and economically G8 sought to offer a viable alternative to centrally planned socialist economics. G8 nations placed emphasis on stability from a cross-regional perspective and hence promoted economic interdependence among the member nations. To a large extent G8 has been successful and its success encouraged the hitherto closed economies to open and emulate the economic model of G8 nations. The fact that Soviet Union broke up into 15 different countries and they all shifted their economic approach to market-centric one is an ample evidence of G8 and its policies. Despite the success it has enjoyed since formed G8 is in urgent need of reorienting itself. Some of the â€Å"developing nations† have indeed developed to a large extent and G8 needs to acknowledge this fundamental fact of economic evolution. With globalization as its central tenet G8 needs a fresh approach for ensuring multilateralism in the future. This becomes doubly difficult as the world is witnessing lack of global consensus on trade, security and law. Due to the various financial crises and terrorism at the global level there is now the looming threat of reversion i. e. protectionist trade policies and capital controls. In order not to lose its relevance in the increasingly globalized world, G8 needs to address the paradox of countries cooperating with each other economically but moving apart politically. The former centrally planned economies in Latin America, Asia and Africa have abandoned their old economic policies and have embraced free market ideology. Marber stresses the fact that the some of the emerging economies actually fund the deficits of G8 governments and postulates the concept of E8 i. e. Emerging 8 nations that will include China, India, Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey and Mexico. Marber further differentiates G8 from E8 based on parameters like median age and purchasing power parity and concludes that E8 will soon outperform the G8 nations. To accommodate this G8 needs to shed its old image of dominant hegemony and needs to take a fresh look at the emerging economies. The emerging economies do not represent the entire global citizenry by any means, but they do exhibit tendencies to join global commonwealth as responsible nations. Though the corporations in the G8 nations have acknowledged the relevance of E8, it has been observed the G8 nations are bit slow to integrate themselves into the changing economic world order. Marber provides numerous examples of the way corporations in G8 countries engage and compete in the emerging markets. The paper then differentiates all the emerging economies in detail individually and states the advantages these economies currently enjoy. China for example has renegotiated a new bilateral meeting with US to address trade issues and currently seems to financing major portion of US debt. India on the other hand seems to enjoy the benefits of world’s largest English speaking democracy and is deemed as a super power in the making in high-tech fields. Turkey is situated in a strategically important location and trace an historical relationship with Europe and its secular model seems to be proving a huge benefit. Mexico as largest trading partner of the United States is integrating itself faster into the US and Canadian economies within the framework of NAFTA. In contrast another Latin American giant Brazil has developed its capabilities in fields ranging from agriculture to aviation. South Africa possesses a capability to enmesh disparate political groups and ideologies in the African continent. According to Marber these are the salient facts that needs to be taken into consideration if G8 is to refashion itself and still play a meaningful role in the future. In this regard Marber mentions eight policy areas for G8, where G8 nations need to place a greater emphasis. He further explains these policy areas like trade, security etc in detail and is of the opinion that these need to be taken up seriously by the G8 nations and regain their pioneering efforts in globalization. The health of globalized system of interconnected and interdependent economies requires a vast diversification beyond the existing G8 nations. Marber claims that E8 nations should not just be free riders but should become active participants and hence should share responsibility in maintaining globalized world order. G8 nations on their part should cease to be patronizing and instead should seek to build partnerships with the emerging nations actively. According to Marber there is an acute need of expanded and enabled group deriving largely from the existing G8 nations and believes inclusion of E8 nations will be the right step in that direction. He concludes by saying this is the logical step forward that would preemptively exclude looming threat protectionist globalization. The central tenet of the paper lies in its emphasis on E8 nations as a counter threat to emerging anti-multilateralism. Answers to the Questions: 1. How many other were involved in writing this article? Answer: Three. Peter Marber was main author but he has been assisted by two of his colleagues (Christian Deseglise and Avi Sharon). 2. What are the 5 factors that contributed to a visible crack in the G8? Answer: The five factors that contributed to a visible crack are: 1) collapse of WTOs Doha talks on trade 2) lack of global consensus on environment laid out in Kyoto protocol 3) undermining of International Criminal Court 4) protectionist government policies related to selective cross-border acquisitions and 5) lack of consensus on the invasion of Iraq. 3. What are the 8 policy areas that will bring the G8/E8 together? Answer: The policy areas that will bring G8/E8 together are: a) Trade b) Security c) Energy d) Immigration e) Environment f) Health & Drugs g) Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) h) Poverty Works Cited Marber, Peter. From the G8 to the â€Å"E8† Is the Globalization Tide Turning? World Policy Journal 23. 3 (2006): 42-51.